10 Practical Tips on how to get employed as a Data Scientist as soon as you graduate.
Image by StartupStockPhotos from Pixabay
You have worked hard for several months to learn the ’ins and outs’ of statistics and programming, and you have remembered all basic machine learning algorithms by heart. You probably can explain how the neural networks work and what is backpropagation, and how the weights in the model get updated.
Your best friend forgot that you exist as you have not seen him for a while as you were too busy trying to improve your latest random forest model by another fraction of a decimal place (which you finally succeeded after several days of trial and error).
But the latter is not important…
If you wanted to, you could do all this in a few hours. So you finally feel confident that you are a Master of Data Science! Or at least consider yourself a decent early adept.
Well Done! But now what? Now you need to convince other people that you are a Data Science indeed and this maybe the harder than learning the skills itself.
Therefore I am going to share some tips with you that have helped me with my Data Science job searches, so if you are interested hang on…
There are thousands of data scientist jobs available, but they may not all fit what you are looking to do. You are the one that knows what are your strongest parts in data Science and what interests you. You may be interested in traditional machine learning or love deep learning and have done several projects focusing on neural networks.
Are you a person that is more hand-on and likes implementing the algorithms and feels good about creating production-ready code? Or you would rather read the newest research and try to implement the newest neural network architectures? Do you want to work for a large or medium-sized company?Or perhaps you would rather work for startups? Is the company culture important to you? Are you willing to relocate and if yes what distance? Or perhaps you are going to accept the remote position only.
They are all valid choices but I recommend that for the first Data Science position you find a role where you will not be an only Data Scientist in the company.
You needs to have those answer before you start applying for any jobs as it wll save you time and effort.
2. Apply to as many relevant jobs as possible.
Once you have figured out what type of job you want you to start applying for the positions. It is important that you stick to the rules you have outlined for your job and apply it to the only relevant position.
I am going to repeast this again: This is extremely important to apply to relevant positions only.
Data Scientist roles vary so much in their duties and you may end up doing totally different tasks depending on the role definition. You want to be sure that you will be something that you have knowledge of and keeps you interested.
Additionally, it will be hard to get a job in something that you are not familiar with or not interested at all. Even if you somehow succeed in the interview process you will be forced to do it for the next couple of months or a year probably feeling miserable.
All this while your perfect job was still out there.
3. Create a spreadsheet to keep track of applications.
You do not need to prepare anything fancy. Google spreadsheets will be enough. You need to keep track of company name, position you have applied, link to the job add, application date, and if you get a reply or not, and if you did the description of what the reply was e.g rejected, phone screen interview invitation, etc.
This is enough to have you organized, you will know how many jobs you have applied to, in what time span and it basically will help you to keep sane withing the process.
Sometimes you may feel like you have applied to hundreds of jobs and while you look at the spreadsheet you will see that in fact, it was a lot but not as much as you have thought.
4. Look at smaller job boards and company websites.
So there are the obvious general job boards that we all know about such as Monster, Indeed, Craigslist and they are good places to start. Definitively send the application to jobs advertised there but the number of applications that companies receive through these sites will be high and it may be hard to stand out.
Try to find smaller job boards that are Data Science related, or the niche-specific in what area you would like to work for. Good examples of places to look for jobs as Data Scientists are
Additionally to job boards, I would encourage you to search your local company websites and see if they are looking for Data Scientists. It may be the company policy to advertise on the website first and later move on to broader job advertisements.
As you can imagine company website applications should have fewer applicants so your chances of getting the interview will be higher.
Similarly, you can not only check local companies but find other ways of identifying businesses that may look for Data Scientists.
Good ways would be to check companies that your friend Data Scientist graduates work for. There is a chance that they may be recruiting right now and you even get recommended by someone that is in the company now.
6. Attend meetups and Data Science events and be ACTIVE there.
Another important aspect of the job search is attending Data Science meetups and other Data Science related events in your local area. Those are attended by people that are interested or are working in the field. Trying to connect with them can get you a recommendation to the company they work for and eventually lead to a job.
It is important to be active in these type of events.
You will not benefit from listening one hour lecture about optimizing gradient boosting algorithm and then watching a guy answering questions from the public.
You will benefit only if you are the active participant of the event. That is asking questions to the person who is presenting, talking and interacting with other participants. You never know when the person next to you may become another job lead.
7. Cleanup the GitHub account and upload good projects.
For any Data Scientist roles, it is almost a requirement to send a link to your GitHub profile with your CV and cover letter. Whereas more experienced data scientists can get away with almost empty GitHub profile it will be hard for a newcomer to the field. Finally, you are trying to prove that you can be a Data Scientist and this is a great opportunity.
Thefore clean up your github account and add excellent projects that you are proud of.
The latter also means removing all the garbage that is irrelevant and does not showcase your skills. Show your best projects on the top so those will be the ones that the recruiter will see when he opens your GitHub profile.
I recommend having some projects with nice visualizations. We are people and we are attracted to attractive visuals more than the code.
Additionally, some recruiters may not be very technical and may not understand the details of code so catching their eye with beautiful visuals usually does the trick.
This is not a requirement for any job application but could be a nice bonus while trying to convince someone that we are good at something. There are so many online editors that allow you to create websites so you can choose any of the free and popular ones or use GitHub Pages. There are plenty of tutorials online that teach you how to do it.
Make sure your website is attractive and describe there five of the projects that you are proud of. Again nice visuals are the bonus.
You want your website to be catchy and show that you are a proffessional in what you do.
Do not be technical in your description and treat the visitor more like a business or product expert. You need to convince them why the projects you have done are being valuable to the world. If they are interested in technical implementation they can look at your GitHub page, so make sure you link your project there.
And again, there are people who do not have their websites (including me) and they get hired. However, those people rely on their previous experience so they do not have to work that hard to prove that they can do the job.
As a newcomer to the field however you need to try to impress someone on all levels. The better the impression you make, the more chances you can get the interview. Therefore spending a few hours on the website creation can really be worth it.
9. Learn three projects that you have worked on by heart and be able to story tell around it.
So this is the advice for interview preparation, this means you have impressed someone enough to give you a phone call or maybe even an in-person interview. You need to impress them now even further with your Data Science knowledge.
I suggest that you revise the three projects that you have worked on, revise the code, remember the setting of the project, and all little detail about it.
Where you working on your own or or in team? What tools you have been using? What algorithms did you use? What were the results? What metrics you have used to evaluate the results? Did you have any challenges? What would you do different if you were going to redo the project?
You need to be able to answer all this and similar questions about three of the projects. And why do I say three? One is not enough?
You want to have three projects prepared so you can pull up any of them when the interviewer asks you about the experience. There are likely to ask you several questions so you want to have a variety of the scenario prepared and not look like you have just worked on one big project only.
Even if the question is not exactly the one stated above, usually preparing the above answers and rereading the project's code will have you prepared for the mots of the interviewer questions.
Also, note that some questions from the interviewer are not asking about the projects itself but you should answer using project reference. E.g questions like ‘what classification algorithms do you know?’ would be much better answered using the project reference rather than providing a list of algorithms only.
You can practice by actually finding websites with Data Science interview questions and try to answer them using three project references that you have chosen. This should have you prepared for a lot of experience and technical questions that the interviewer may have.
10. Learn about the company and the person that will interview you.
Being prepared for the interview is crucial. You do not know every detail about the company but knowing the general overview of the business is always a good idea.
Visit their page and see what they offer? Who are their potential clients? What is their business strategy? What is their Data Sciene team? What are the company values?
This information can be usually found on LinkedIn, Glassdoor, or the company’s website. Knowing some details about the company is your advantage and will make a conversation with the interviewer more fluid.
It is also a good idea to learn a bit about the interviewer himself before the interview. Usually checking their LinkedIn should be enough. You can also see if they have any blogs or have any interesting online presence.
Having this knowledge will not make you pass the interview but should make the conversation more pleasant and probably help you to be less nervous. It is easier to talk to someones that you know a bit if background than the total stranger. At least this is what helps me!
If you feel ready to work as a data scientist, this is a good place to find a fully-remote job.
Summary
These were my ten tips that should help with landing your first Data Science job. Obviously, there are many more things that you could do for interviews and job search preparation but I believe that following these simple ten steps will already increase your chances of getting a job significantly.
I hope that you have found the information helpful and good luck with the search!
The discipline of Data Science is expanding quickly and has enormous promise. It is used in various sectors, including manufacturing, retail, healthcare, and finance. Today, a wide variety of online Data Science courses are accessible. With so many choices, you might need help choosing the best one. This article will summarize the best Data Science programs so you can choose the program that's best for you. What Is a Data Science Course?The theoretical ideas of data science are taught to novices in a Data Science course. Additionally, you'll learn about the steps involved in Data Science, such as mathematical and statistical analysis, data preparation & staging, data interpretation, data visualization, and methods for presenting data insights in an organizational context. Advanced subjects, such as employing neural networks to develop recommendation engines, are covered in more specialized courses.Why Data Science?In the expanding field of data science, a data scientist earns one of the best jobs. Data science gained popularity and started to be utilised in an expanding number of applications when big data appeared and the necessity to manage these massive volumes of data arose. Data science, which enables companies to derive conclusions on the basis and take measures based on those conclusions, is one of the primary applications of artificial intelligence. Data Scientists are in great demand due to Data Science's importance for all industries. There is fierce rivalry everywhere. But if you can get an advantage over your competitors, you may easily land lucrative positions in demand. Taking data science courses online might give you that advantage. Data science involves:● Analytical capabilities.● A foundational understanding of the field.● Practical abilities to produce outcomes. To understand data science, you don't need to spend years working with big data or have a tonne of expertise in the software sector. You may always study from the greatest online Data Science courses and create a way to join this area while working. These are the top data science programs you can take to further your career and understand the subject. Let's discover more about the top data science courses available online. 2 Online Data Science Courses for 2023 to Advance Your Career1. Program for Business Analytics CertificationThis online Data Science course lasts three months and calls for 8 to 10 hours of study per week. The course created for analytics aspirants is one of the greatest data science courses in India and one of the market's top data science courses. It has more than 100 hours of material. The Data Science course was built with the help of business professionals from organizations like Flipkart, Gardener, and Actify. This is one of the finest online courses for learning the fundamentals of data science since it offers committed mentor assistance, prompt doubt resolution services, and live sessions with subject matter specialists. Students will gain knowledge in statistics, optimization, business problem-solving, and predictive modeling via this course. This online data science course was created for managers, engineers, recent graduates, software and IT workers, and marketing and salespeople. Students will concentrate on corporate problem-solving, insights, and narrative for the very first 3 weeks of the course. In this portion, you will discover how to formulate hypotheses, comprehend business issues, and concentrate on narrative. The following four weeks will be devoted to understanding statistics, optimization, and exploratory data analysis. A case study assignment will also be included. You will study several machine learning approaches to evaluate data and provide insights during the last five weeks, which will be devoted to predictive analysis. There will be three initiatives at the industry level: uber supply-demand gap, customer creditworthiness, and market mix modeling for e-commerce. Students who take this business analyst course have access to various options, including the ability to apply for managerial, business analyst, and data analyst employment. 2. Data Science Master's DegreeIt is among the top online courses for Data Science. This master’s in Data Science program lasts for 18 months and is delivered online. If you engage in expert online data science courses from a recognised and trusted provider, you may put your talents to the test on real assignments.This course is one of the best Data Science courses since it offers a variety of distinctive characteristics. There are several specialization options available for the course. Business intelligence/data analytics, Natural Language Processing, and Deep Learning,Business Analyst course, and Data Engineering are the available specialization areas. In addition to these specializations, the course offers its students a platform to study more than 14 programming languages and technologies that are utilized in the diverse area of data science, as well as industry mentoring and committed career assistance. One of the greatest data science courses in India, it includes tools like Python, Tableau, Hadoop, MySQL, Hive, Excel, PowerBI, MongoDB, Shiny, Keras, TensorFlow, PySpark, HBase, and Apache Airflow. More than 400 hours of learning material are planned for the online data science course. You will get a thorough understanding of data science and topics linked to it through these videos and publications, enabling you to succeed in any data science interviews. For the students to have a practical and hands-on understanding of all the tools and ideas covered in the course, the online data course includes more than ten industrial projects and case studies. The students may study various subjects, languages, and tools throughout the course. The first four weeks will be devoted to learning the fundamentals of Python and how to use Excel to deal with data. The 11 weeks will be devoted to teaching students how to utilize all the tools needed for data science and how to prepare and work with the provided data. You will acquire in-depth information on Python, Excel, and SQL in this part. Learning about machine learning and its many algorithms will be the main emphasis of the next nine weeks. ConclusionThe best online Data Science courses provide a good introduction to the subject, which is how the article can be summed up. They go through the fundamentals of data science, such as handling data, cleansing data, and doing statistical analysis. They also provide a more thorough examination of Data Science and machine learning Anyone interested in pursuing a career in data science must take these courses.
CreditsPredictive models have become a trusted advisor to many businesses and for a good reason. These models can “foresee the future”, and there are many different methods available, meaning any industry can find one that fits their particular challenges.When we talk about predictive models, we are talking either about a regression model (continuous output) or a classification model (nominal or binary output). In classification problems, we use two types of algorithms (dependent on the kind of output it creates):Class output: Algorithms like SVM and KNN create a class output. For instance, in a binary classification problem, the outputs will be either 0 or 1. However, today we have algorithms that can convert these class outputs to probability.Probability output: Algorithms like Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Adaboost, etc. give probability outputs. Converting probability outputs to class output is just a matter of creating a threshold probability.IntroductionWhile data preparation and training a machine learning model is a key step in the machine learning pipeline, it’s equally important to measure the performance of this trained model. How well the model generalizes on the unseen data is what defines adaptive vs non-adaptive machine learning models.By using different metrics for performance evaluation, we should be in a position to improve the overall predictive power of our model before we roll it out for production on unseen data.Without doing a proper evaluation of the ML model using different metrics, and depending only on accuracy, it can lead to a problem when the respective model is deployed on unseen data and can result in poor predictions.This happens because, in cases like these, our models don’t learn but instead memorize;hence, they cannot generalize well on unseen data.Model Evaluation MetricsLet us now define the evaluation metrics for evaluating the performance of a machine learning model, which is an integral component of any data science project. It aims to estimate the generalization accuracy of a model on the future (unseen/out-of-sample) data.Confusion MatrixA confusion matrix is a matrix representation of the prediction results of any binary testing that is often used to describe the performance of the classification model (or “classifier”) on a set of test data for which the true values are known.The confusion matrix itself is relatively simple to understand, but the related terminology can be confusing.Confusion matrix with 2 class labels.Each prediction can be one of the four outcomes, based on how it matches up to the actual value:True Positive (TP): Predicted True and True in reality.True Negative (TN): Predicted False and False in reality.False Positive (FP): Predicted True and False in reality.False Negative (FN): Predicted False and True in reality.Now let us understand this concept using hypothesis testing.A Hypothesis is speculation or theory based on insufficient evidence that lends itself to further testing and experimentation. With further testing, a hypothesis can usually be proven true or false.A Null Hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.We would always reject the null hypothesis when it is false, and we would accept the null hypothesis when it is indeed true.Even though hypothesis tests are meant to be reliable, there are two types of errors that can occur.These errors are known as Type 1 and Type II errors.For example, when examining the effectiveness of a drug, the null hypothesis would be that the drug does not affect a disease.Type I Error:- equivalent to False Positives(FP).The first kind of error that is possible involves the rejection of a null hypothesis that is true.Let’s go back to the example of a drug being used to treat a disease. If we reject the null hypothesis in this situation, then we claim that the drug does have some effect on a disease. But if the null hypothesis is true, then, in reality, the drug does not combat the disease at all. The drug is falsely claimed to have a positive effect on a disease.Type II Error:- equivalent to False Negatives(FN).The other kind of error that occurs when we accept a false null hypothesis. This sort of error is called a type II error and is also referred to as an error of the second kind.If we think back again to the scenario in which we are testing a drug, what would a type II error look like? A type II error would occur if we accepted that the drug hs no effect on disease, but in reality, it did.A sample python implementation of the Confusion matrix.import warnings import pandas as pd from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline #ignore warnings warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # Load digits dataset url = "http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data" df = pd.read_csv(url) # df = df.values X = df.iloc[:,0:4] y = df.iloc[:,4] #test size test_size = 0.33 #generate the same set of random numbers seed = 7 #Split data into train and test set. X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) #Train Model model = LogisticRegression() model.fit(X_train, y_train) pred = model.predict(X_test) #Construct the Confusion Matrix labels = ['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'] cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels) print(cm) fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) cax = ax.matshow(cm) plt.title('Confusion matrix') fig.colorbar(cax) ax.set_xticklabels([''] + labels) ax.set_yticklabels([''] + labels) plt.xlabel('Predicted Values') plt.ylabel('Actual Values') plt.show()Confusion matrix with 3 class labels.The diagonal elements represent the number of points for which the predicted label is equal to the true label, while anything off the diagonal was mislabeled by the classifier. Therefore, the higher the diagonal values of the confusion matrix the better, indicating many correct predictions.In our case, the classifier predicted all the 13 setosa and 18 virginica plants in the test data perfectly. However, it incorrectly classified 4 of the versicolor plants as virginica.There is also a list of rates that are often computed from a confusion matrix for a binary classifier:1. AccuracyOverall, how often is the classifier correct?Accuracy = (TP+TN)/totalWhen our classes are roughly equal in size, we can use accuracy, which will give us correctly classified values.Accuracy is a common evaluation metric for classification problems. It’s the number of correct predictions made as a ratio of all predictions made.Misclassification Rate(Error Rate): Overall, how often is it wrong. Since accuracy is the percent we correctly classified (success rate), it follows that our error rate (the percentage we got wrong) can be calculated as follows:Misclassification Rate = (FP+FN)/totalWe use the sklearn module to compute the accuracy of a classification task, as shown below.#import modules import warnings import pandas as pd import numpy as np from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn import datasets from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score #ignore warnings warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # Load digits dataset iris = datasets.load_iris() # # Create feature matrix X = iris.data # Create target vector y = iris.target #test size test_size = 0.33 #generate the same set of random numbers seed = 7 #cross-validation settings kfold = model_selection.KFold(n_splits=10, random_state=seed) #Model instance model = LogisticRegression() #Evaluate model performance scoring = 'accuracy' results = model_selection.cross_val_score(model, X, y, cv=kfold, scoring=scoring) print('Accuracy -val set: %.2f%% (%.2f)' % (results.mean()*100, results.std())) #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) #fit model model.fit(X_train, y_train) #accuracy on test set result = model.score(X_test, y_test) print("Accuracy - test set: %.2f%%" % (result*100.0))The classification accuracy is 88% on the validation set.2. PrecisionWhen it predicts yes, how often is it correct?Precision=TP/predicted yesWhen we have a class imbalance, accuracy can become an unreliable metric for measuring our performance. For instance, if we had a 99/1 split between two classes, A and B, where the rare event, B, is our positive class, we could build a model that was 99% accurate by just saying everything belonged to class A. Clearly, we shouldn’t bother building a model if it doesn’t do anything to identify class B; thus, we need different metrics that will discourage this behavior. For this, we use precision and recall instead of accuracy.3. Recall or SensitivityWhen it’s actually yes, how often does it predict yes?True Positive Rate = TP/actual yesRecall gives us the true positive rate (TPR), which is the ratio of true positives to everything positive.In the case of the 99/1 split between classes A and B, the model that classifies everything as A would have a recall of 0% for the positive class, B (precision would be undefined — 0/0). Precision and recall provide a better way of evaluating model performance in the face of a class imbalance. They will correctly tell us that the model has little value for our use case.Just like accuracy, both precision and recall are easy to compute and understand but require thresholds. Besides, precision and recall only consider half of the confusion matrix:4. F1 ScoreThe F1 score is the harmonic mean of the precision and recall, where an F1 score reaches its best value at 1 (perfect precision and recall) and worst at 0.Why harmonic mean? Since the harmonic mean of a list of numbers skews strongly toward the least elements of the list, it tends (compared to the arithmetic mean) to mitigate the impact of large outliers and aggravate the impact of small ones.An F1 score punishes extreme values more. Ideally, an F1 Score could be an effective evaluation metric in the following classification scenarios:When FP and FN are equally costly — meaning they miss on true positives or find false positives — both impact the model almost the same way, as in our cancer detection classification exampleAdding more data doesn’t effectively change the outcome effectivelyTN is high (like with flood predictions, cancer predictions, etc.)A sample python implementation of the F1 score.import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import log_loss from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_fscore_support as score, precision_score, recall_score, f1_score warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] test_size = 0.33 seed = 7 model = LogisticRegression() #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) precision = precision_score(y_test, pred) print('Precision: %f' % precision) # recall: tp / (tp + fn) recall = recall_score(y_test, pred) print('Recall: %f' % recall) # f1: tp / (tp + fp + fn) f1 = f1_score(y_test, pred) print('F1 score: %f' % f1)5. SpecificityWhen it’s no, how often does it predict no?True Negative Rate=TN/actual noIt is the true negative rate or the proportion of true negatives to everything that should have been classified as negative.Note that, together, specificity and sensitivity consider the full confusion matrix:6. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) CurveMeasuring the area under the ROC curve is also a very useful method for evaluating a model. By plotting the true positive rate (sensitivity) versus the false-positive rate (1 — specificity), we get the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. This curve allows us to visualize the trade-off between the true positive rate and the false positive rate.The following are examples of good ROC curves. The dashed line would be random guessing (no predictive value) and is used as a baseline; anything below that is considered worse than guessing. We want to be toward the top-left corner:A sample python implementation of the ROC curves.#Classification Area under curve import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score, roc_curve warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] seed = 7 #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) # predict probabilities probs = model.predict_proba(X_test) # keep probabilities for the positive outcome only probs = probs[:, 1] auc = roc_auc_score(y_test, probs) print('AUC - Test Set: %.2f%%' % (auc*100)) # calculate roc curve fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(y_test, probs) # plot no skill plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], linestyle='--') # plot the roc curve for the model plt.plot(fpr, tpr, marker='.') plt.xlabel('False positive rate') plt.ylabel('Sensitivity/ Recall') # show the plot plt.show()In the example above, the AUC is relatively close to 1 and greater than 0.5. A perfect classifier will have the ROC curve go along the Y-axis and then along the X-axisLog LossLog Loss is the most important classification metric based on probabilities.As the predicted probability of the true class gets closer to zero, the loss increases exponentially:It measures the performance of a classification model where the prediction input is a probability value between 0 and 1. Log loss increases as the predicted probability diverge from the actual label. The goal of any machine learning model is to minimize this value. As such, smaller log loss is better, with a perfect model having a log loss of 0.A sample python implementation of the Log Loss.#Classification LogLoss import warnings import pandas from sklearn import model_selection from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.metrics import log_loss warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jbrownlee/Datasets/master/pima-indians-diabetes.data.csv" dataframe = pandas.read_csv(url) dat = dataframe.values X = dat[:,:-1] y = dat[:,-1] seed = 7 #split data X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = model_selection.train_test_split(X, y, test_size=test_size, random_state=seed) model.fit(X_train, y_train) #predict and compute logloss pred = model.predict(X_test) accuracy = log_loss(y_test, pred) print("Logloss: %.2f" % (accuracy))Logloss: 8.02
Jaccard IndexJaccard Index is one of the simplest ways to calculate and find out the accuracy of a classification ML model. Let’s understand it with an example. Suppose we have a labeled test set, with labels as –y = [0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1]And our model has predicted the labels as –y1 = [1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1]The above Venn diagram shows us the labels of the test set and the labels of the predictions, and their intersection and union.Jaccard Index or Jaccard similarity coefficient is a statistic used in understanding the similarities between sample sets. The measurement emphasizes the similarity between finite sample sets and is formally defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the two labeled sets, with formula as –Jaccard Index or Intersection over Union(IoU)So, for our example, we can see that the intersection of the two sets is equal to 8 (since eight values are predicted correctly) and the union is 10 + 10–8 = 12. So, the Jaccard index gives us the accuracy as –So, the accuracy of our model, according to Jaccard Index, becomes 0.66, or 66%.Higher the Jaccard index higher the accuracy of the classifier.A sample python implementation of the Jaccard index.import numpy as np def compute_jaccard_similarity_score(x, y): intersection_cardinality = len(set(x).intersection(set(y))) union_cardinality = len(set(x).union(set(y))) return intersection_cardinality / float(union_cardinality) score = compute_jaccard_similarity_score(np.array([0, 1, 2, 5, 6]), np.array([0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9])) print "Jaccard Similarity Score : %s" %score passJaccard Similarity Score : 0.375Kolomogorov Smirnov chartK-S or Kolmogorov-Smirnov chart measures the performance of classification models. More accurately, K-S is a measure of the degree of separation between positive and negative distributions.The cumulative frequency for the observed and hypothesized distributions is plotted against the ordered frequencies. The vertical double arrow indicates the maximal vertical difference.The K-S is 100 if the scores partition the population into two separate groups in which one group contains all the positives and the other all the negatives. On the other hand, If the model cannot differentiate between positives and negatives, then it is as if the model selects cases randomly from the population. The K-S would be 0.In most classification models the K-S will fall between 0 and 100, and that the higher the value the better the model is at separating the positive from negative cases.The K-S may also be used to test whether two underlying one-dimensional probability distributions differ. It is a very efficient way to determine if two samples are significantly different from each other.A sample python implementation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov.from scipy.stats import kstest import random # N = int(input("Enter number of random numbers: ")) N = 10 actual =[] print("Enter outcomes: ") for i in range(N): # x = float(input("Outcomes of class "+str(i + 1)+": ")) actual.append(random.random()) print(actual) x = kstest(actual, "norm") print(x)The Null hypothesis used here assumes that the numbers follow the normal distribution. It returns statistics and p-value. If the p-value is < alpha, we reject the Null hypothesis.Alpha is defined as the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given the null hypothesis(H0) is true. For most of the practical applications, alpha is chosen as 0.05.Gain and Lift ChartGain or Lift is a measure of the effectiveness of a classification model calculated as the ratio between the results obtained with and without the model. Gain and lift charts are visual aids for evaluating the performance of classification models. However, in contrast to the confusion matrix that evaluates models on the whole population gain or lift chart evaluates model performance in a portion of the population.The higher the lift (i.e. the further up it is from the baseline), the better the model.The following gains chart, run on a validation set, shows that with 50% of the data, the model contains 90% of targets, Adding more data adds a negligible increase in the percentage of targets included in the model.Gain/lift chartLift charts are often shown as a cumulative lift chart, which is also known as a gains chart. Therefore, gains charts are sometimes (perhaps confusingly) called “lift charts”, but they are more accurately cumulative lift charts.It is one of their most common uses is in marketing, to decide if a prospective client is worth calling.Gini CoefficientThe Gini coefficient or Gini Index is a popular metric for imbalanced class values. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality. Here, if the value of an index is higher, then the data will be more dispersed.Gini coefficient can be computed from the area under the ROC curve using the following formula:Gini Coefficient = (2 * ROC_curve) — 1ConclusionUnderstanding how well a machine learning model is going to perform on unseen data is the ultimate purpose behind working with these evaluation metrics. Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall are good ways to evaluate classification models for balanced datasets, but if the data is imbalanced and there’s a class disparity, then other methods like ROC/AUC, Gini coefficient perform better in evaluating the model performance.Well, this concludes this article. I hope you guys have enjoyed reading it, feel free to share your comments/thoughts/feedback in the comment section.Thanks for reading !!!
DataSource AI announces the launch of the KTM AG inaugural AI Challenge, an unprecedented 3-month online competition that aims to revolutionise two-wheeler innovation through artificial intelligence and deep learning. KTM AG is a global frontrunner in two-wheeler innovation, known for pushing the boundaries of what's possible in the world of motorcycles. With a rich history of groundbreaking engineering and a commitment to cutting-edge technology, KTM AG has set new standards in performance, design, and safety. As a global leader in two-wheeler innovation, KTM AG invites participants to embark on this groundbreaking innovation journey. At the core of this competition lies a challenge set to redefine the future of motorcycle lighting systems. Participants are tasked with developing an algorithm for a high-beam lighting system utilizing a pixel matrix. Participants can find detailed guidelines in the Datathon competition. The datathon unfolds in a 3-tiered cascade model: This Code Challenge by KTM AG promises not only substantial rewards but also an exciting opportunity to shape the future of two-wheeler technology, along with supporting the participants to upscale and test their knowledge in a global AI competition. The cumulative budget for this remarkable Code Challenge by KTM AG is a substantial €24,000, motivating participants with not only the opportunity to push the boundaries of two-wheeler technology but also significant rewards for those who rise to the occasion. With cumulative prizes, contestants have the chance to potentially take home a maximum reward of €10,800 in addition to contributing to cutting-edge advancements in the field. We invite all aspiring innovators, data scientists, and AI enthusiasts to join us in this journey to "Code the Light Fantastic." For more information, rules, and registration details, please register hereAbout DataSource: At DataSource AI, we are driven by a singular mission - to democratise the immense power of data science and AI/ML for businesses of all sizes and budgets. We facilitate AI competitions, for businesses of all sizes and budgets by harnessing our extensive data expert community that's collaborating over our intelligent AI algorithm crowdsourcing platform. Our community is at the heart of what we do. We've built a diverse and talented pool of data experts who are passionate about solving real-world problems. They collaborate, ideate, and innovate, driving forward the frontiers of data science.
In the age of digital marketing and content creation, data-driven creativity is becoming an increasingly important concept. It's the fusion of artistic vision with the insights gleaned from data science to enhance the impact and effectiveness of video content. This 2500-word blog will explore how data science can be leveraged to elevate video content creation, ensuring that it not only engages but also resonates with the intended audience.Introduction to Data-Driven CreativityData-driven creativity marks a groundbreaking shift in video content creation, blending artistic vision with the insights provided by data science. This combination allows creators to break free from conventional creative limits, using data analytics to develop content that is both visually captivating and strategically significant. By delving into viewer behavior, preferences, and interactions, creators can refine their stories and visuals, achieving a deeper connection with their audience. This technique effectively transforms data into a guide for storytelling, steering content towards increased relevance and attractiveness. Consequently, video content becomes a more potent medium for engaging viewers and delivering impactful messages. Fundamentally, data-driven creativity is about converting data points into compelling stories and turning analytical insights into creative masterpieces, thereby redefining the standards of digital video content.Understanding the Role of Data in Video Content CreationExploring the Role of Data in Video Content Creation ventures into the rapidly growing realm of data-driven creativity, where data science emerges as a key instrument in enriching video content. In this realm, data transcends mere figures to become a narrative element, providing rich insights into what audiences prefer, how they behave, and emerging trends. Utilizing data, video creators can break free from conventional creative constraints, shaping their stories to more deeply connect with viewers. This process involves a detailed examination of viewer interactions, demographics, and feedback to hone storytelling skills, aiming to create videos that are not only watched but also emotionally impactful and memorable. Data-driven creativity is a fusion of art and science, where each view, reaction, and comment plays a role in directing the trajectory of video content, enhancing its relevance, engagement, and effect. This marks a transformative phase in content creation, where data equips creators to weave narratives that are not just creatively rich but also finely tuned to the dynamic preferences and interests of their audience.The Process of Gathering and Analyzing DataCollecting and analyzing data forms the foundation of data-driven creativity, especially in the realm of video content enhancement. This process involves the acquisition of key information, including audience demographics, interaction metrics, and performance measures, utilizing sophisticated tools and technologies. These range from social media analytics to advanced data mining applications designed to track a broad spectrum of viewer interactions. Once collected, this data undergoes thorough analysis to identify trends, preferences, and behaviors within the target audience. Such analysis equips content creators with insightful knowledge, allowing them to adjust their video content for greater appeal and connection with their audience. Leveraging these insights, creators can modify elements such as the tone, style, and themes of their content, revolutionizing storytelling methods and ensuring their content is both captivating and impactful. This integration of data science with creative storytelling heralds a transformative phase in video content production, where analytical findings significantly enhance artistic expression.Tailoring Content to Audience PreferencesAdapting content to audience preferences through data-driven creativity signifies a vital evolution in video content production. By incorporating data science, creators gain profound insights into audience behaviors, likes, and engagement patterns. This approach facilitates the creation of content that better resonates with viewers, ensuring everything from the plot to visual elements aligns with their interests. Utilizing analytics such as viewer habits and interaction rates, creators can pinpoint engaging aspects for better video content. Using a high-quality video editor tool is important to make the video look better. This knowledge allows precise adjustments, making the content not only captivating but also highly relevant. Ultimately, incorporating data in video content creation leads to more impactful and resonant viewer experiences, forging a deeper bond between the audience and the content.Enhancing Storytelling with Data InsightsUtilizing data insights to enhance storytelling is a groundbreaking method in video content production. Termed data-driven creativity, this technique blends the storytelling craft with data science accuracy. Content creators leverage analysis of viewer engagement, preferences, and behavior to fine-tune their narratives, ensuring a deeper connection with their audience. This integration results in not only engaging narratives but also ones that are in tune with audience interests and emerging trends. Insights from data grant a clearer understanding of what truly engages viewers, empowering creators to optimize their storytelling for the greatest effect. This modern approach reinvents traditional storytelling into an experience that's both more impactful and centered around the audience, with each creative decision being shaped and enriched by data.Using Data to Predict Future TrendsUtilizing data for future trends in data-driven creativity marks a revolutionary step in improving video content via data science. This technique focuses on analyzing viewer interactions, demographic information, and behavioral tendencies to predict future content direction. Using data enables creators to be proactive, crafting video content that resonates with emerging audience preferences and interests. Such a forward-thinking approach guarantees ongoing relevance in a dynamic digital world and fosters innovation and leadership among content creators. The blend of data analytics and artistic insight leads to the production of not just captivating but also pioneering videos, demonstrating the significant role of data in shaping the future of video content creation.Balancing Creativity and DataAchieving a harmonious blend of creativity and data in video content production is both subtle and potent. Data-driven creativity embodies the convergence of artistic flair and data analytics, providing an innovative method to boost video effectiveness. By weaving in data analysis, video creators unlock insights into what their audience prefers and how they behave, guiding their artistic choices. This integration results in content that is not only enthralling but also deeply meaningful to viewers. It is essential, however, to ensure that data serves as a guide, not a ruler, in the creative journey. This equilibrium keeps the content fresh and appealing while aligning it thoughtfully with data-driven knowledge. In essence, data-driven creativity in video content merges the narrative craft with analytical insights, culminating in videos that are both compelling and influential.Overcoming Challenges in Data-Driven CreativityOvercoming hurdles in data-driven creativity necessitates a nuanced integration of data science into the creation of video content. It involves striking a delicate balance between analytical methodologies and artistic expression, ensuring that data serves as an informative tool rather than a constraint on creativity. Accurate interpretation of data empowers content creators to avoid formulaic outputs, utilizing insights to enrich storytelling and enhance audience engagement. This intricate process demands a comprehensive understanding of the artistry of video creation and the scientific principles behind data analysis. Ethical considerations, including respecting audience privacy and obtaining data consent, are pivotal in this approach. Innovative strategies within data-driven creativity empower creators to produce content that forges deeper connections with viewers, setting new benchmarks in the digital landscape. Embracing these challenges is essential for unlocking the full potential of data-enhanced video content.Ethical Considerations in Data-Driven CreativityIn the domain of data-driven creativity, ethical considerations play a crucial role, especially when utilizing data science to enhance video content. While utilizing data insights can enhance creative processes, it is essential to address privacy concerns and ensure transparent, responsible data usage. Achieving the right equilibrium between creativity and ethical considerations becomes paramount as brands employ data to customize video content. Upholding user privacy and securing informed consent are fundamental principles in ethical data-driven creativity, fostering trust among audiences. Moreover, there is an obligation to avoid perpetuating biases and stereotypes in content creation, championing inclusivity and diversity. Ethical practices not only maintain brand integrity but also contribute to a positive and respectful digital environment for consumers.Tools and Resources for Data-Driven Video CreationExplore the potential of data-driven creativity using state-of-the-art tools and resources for crafting videos. In the current digital landscape, integrating data science and video content is transforming the landscape of creative processes. Immerse yourself in a domain where insights derived from data direct every facet of video production. These tools empower creators to customize content according to audience preferences, ensuring that each video is not only visually captivating but also strategically aligned. From scriptwriting informed by analytics to incorporating personalized visual elements, the utilization of data science takes video content to unprecedented levels. Delve into the crossroads of technology and creativity, where strategies driven by data redefine storytelling, captivating audiences in a personalized and meaningful manner.The Future of Data-Driven Creativity in Video ContentThe evolution of data-driven creativity in video content is set to transform our interaction with digital media. Through the incorporation of data science, creators gain valuable insights into viewer preferences, behavior, and trends. This collaboration enables a personalized and captivating viewing experience, heightening audience engagement. With the utilization of data-driven creativity, content producers can shape videos to suit the unique preferences of their target audience, resulting in more impactful storytelling and brand communication. As technology progresses, we anticipate a shift towards highly personalized content, driven by data insights, leading to innovative approaches in video production. This convergence of creativity and data science holds significant promise for the future development of video content within the digital landscape.ConclusionIn summary, the convergence of data-driven insights and creative components represents a transformative shift in the realm of video content creation. The fusion of Data Science and creativity provides content producers with the tools to precisely tailor videos to audience preferences, resulting in more impactful and engaging content. Leveraging the potential of data facilitates a deeper comprehension of viewer behavior, enabling targeted storytelling. Amidst the digital landscape, the symbiosis of data and creativity not only elevates video content but also fosters innovation and personalized experiences. Looking ahead, embracing Data-Driven Creativity becomes crucial for maintaining a leading edge in the continually evolving landscape of video content creation.
nikos_datasource
May 09, 2020
Join our private community in Discord
Keep up to date by participating in our global community of data scientists and AI enthusiasts. We discuss the latest developments in data science competitions, new techniques for solving complex challenges, AI and machine learning models, and much more!
